Vanguard November Market perspectives offers global economic and security returns forecasts.

Key highlights

• Vanguard believes the Federal Reserve (Fed) will raise the federal funds target rate to 4.5% by the end of the 2023 first quarter.

• Higher-than-expected core inflation in two recent reports has led Vanguard to increase our view of the year-end level for core inflation in the United

• Vanguard expects the U.S. economy will grow around 1.8% over the next few quarters, while the euro area is expected to enter a recession before year-end.

Asset-class return outlooks

Our 10-year, annualized, nominal return projections for the major asset classes, as of September 30, 2022, are shown below. Projections based on the full September 30, 2022, running of the VCMM, which will include additional U.S. sub- asset-classes, will be communicated in the December Market Perspectives. Please note that the figures are based on a 2.0-point range around the 50th percentile of the distribution of return outcomes for equities and a 1-point range around the 50th percentile for fixed income.

Region-by-region outlook

United States

Vanguard expects a solidly positive number, perhaps above 2.5%, when the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) reports its first estimate of third-quarter GDP in the United States on October 27.

• We expect that such a number will overstate the strength of the U.S. economy and will be driven in large part by international trade dynamics.

• Core aspects of the economy such as consumer spending and housing have weakened materially over the course of 2022. (According to the BEA’s final reading, the U.S. economy contracted at an annual rate of –0.6% in the second quarter.)

• We expect that, given the monetary policy backdrop and a burgeoning shortfall in households’ purchasing power amid high inflation, the economy will grow no better than trend (around 1.8% in the United States) over the next few quarters.

Euro area

Economic momentum has continued to deteriorate in the euro area in recent weeks, and Vanguard continues to expect a mild recession there this quarter, stretching into the first quarter of 2023.

• We continue to foresee full-year 2022 economic growth in a range of 2%–3%. Our 2023 forecast range is for a contraction of –0.5% to growth of 0.5%.

• European nations are adapting to the cut-off in natural gas supplies from Russia, with most achieving their storage targets ahead of time through alternative sources.

• We project that consumption will have to be reduced by around 15% this winter. We expect Germany and Italy—whose economies have had the greatest exposure to Russia among the “Big Four”—to drive the slowdown.

• European Union countries have allocated, on average, around 2.5% of GDP to offset a surge in energy prices.

United Kingdom

Bond and currency markets soundly rejected a United Kingdom government growth plan announced on September 23 that included the largest package of tax cuts in generations.

• Initial concerns about the proposed budget’s effect on inflation and the government’s financial stability caused bond yields to spike so quickly that the Bank of England intervened to ward off a potential crisis in the pensions market.

• Vanguard continues to foresee full-year 2022 growth in a range of 3% to 4%.

• For 2023, we anticipate a contraction of up to 0.5%.

China

An October 18 release of GDP and other data in China was postponed indefinitely and without explanation, signaling a potential de-emphasis on economic growth in favor of alternative policy objectives.

• The postponement was announced on October 17, near the start of the weeklong National Congress of the China Communist Party, a major policy gathering that takes place every five years and includes the selection of the party’s secretary general, who also serves as president of China. Xi Jinping was named to the positions for the third time in consecutive five-year terms.

• Vanguard had expected the National Bureau of Statistics to report weaker-than-consensus third-quarter GDP growth of less than 2.5% compared with a year earlier. High-frequency data had suggested that activity started to pick up in late September after much of the quarter until then had been disappointing.

• We do foresee a recovery in the fourth quarter, however, as fiscal and monetary stimulus flow through the

• We foresee growth of 5% in 2023, a downgrade from our most recent view of 5.5% GDP growth.

Emerging markets

The growth story in emerging markets is one of relative resilience compared with that of developed markets. We foresee economic growth around 3.3% for both full-year 2022 and full-year 2023, below consensus but higher than our developed-market views.

• Growth has been slower than it might have been, as rising global interest rates increased debt loads and forced fiscal discipline on emerging markets.

• Currencies have broadly held their ground as emerging market central banks acted sooner and more swiftly to protect them ahead of anticipated developed market rate increases.

• Emerging Europe remains most at risk of recession given energy supply challenges there.

Financial markets seek more certainty from policymakers

An ever-more-hawkish Federal Reserve has led Vanguard to increase its view for the terminal rate, or end point, for the federal funds rate target. In our base case, we believe the Fed will raise the rate to 4.5% by the end of the 2023 first quarter, from a current target range of 3.00% to 3.25%.

• We believe the Fed will keep its target at the terminal rate for some time to bring inflation back toward its 2% target.

• The Fed’s next rate announcement is scheduled for Wednesday, November 2. We anticipate a fourth consecutive increase of 75 basis points, bringing the rate target to a range of 3.75% to 4.00%.

• To return inflation to their 2% target, central banks in the United States, the euro area, and the U.K. have communicated the need to continue raising rates in earnest, such that high inflation does not become embedded into the economy.

• Investors need to brace themselves for shocks until markets are convinced that policymakers can succeed in bringing us back to a world of low and stable inflation.

Rising expectations for central bank interest rates

Inflation levels continue to surprise

Higher-than-expected core inflation in two recent reports has led Vanguard to increase our view of the year-end level for core inflation in the United States. Core inflation in the September consumer price index (CPI) report surprised to the upside for a second consecutive month, rising by 0.6% from August and 6.6% compared with a year earlier, the highest level since 1982. (Core inflation excludes volatile food and energy prices and thus reflects broader price pressures in an economy.)

• CPI including food and energy rose by 0.6% in September, higher than its 0.1% climb in August, despite a decline of 4.7% in energy prices.

• Recent inflation reports have led us to increase our view of where the core personal consumption expenditures (PCE) index—the Federal Reserve’s preferred inflation indicator in considering monetary policy—will end 2022. We foresee core PCE around 4.5% at year-end compared with the end of 2021, higher than our forecast of 4.2% before the release of the September CPI report.

Strong labor numbers give the Fed more latitude

The unemployment rate fell to 3.5% in the United States in September, with the economy adding 263,000 jobs, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported on October 7.

• Such a degree of job creation at this state of the business cycle signifies a still-strong labor market and allows the Federal Reserve to continue to focus squarely on inflation in its policymaking.

• Vanguard believes that modest declines in job-churning, particularly in higher-wage occupations, should help constrain wage-growth momentum in coming months.

• We foresee the unemployment rate climbing to 4.4% in the fourth quarter of 2023.

Notes:

• All investing is subject to risk, including possible loss of principal.

• Diversification does not ensure a profit or protect against a loss. Investments in bonds are subject to interest rate, credit, and inflation risk.

• Investments in stocks or bonds issued by non-U.S. companies are subject to risks including country/regional risk and currency. These risks are especially high in emerging markets.

• IMPORTANT: The projections and other information generated by the Vanguard Capital Markets Model regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results. VCMM results will vary with each use and over.

• The VCMM projections are based on a statistical analysis of historical. Future returns may behave differently from the historical patterns captured in the VCMM. More important, the VCMM may be underestimating extreme negative scenarios unobserved in the historical period on which the model estimation is based.

• The Vanguard Capital Markets Model is a proprietary financial simulation tool developed and maintained by Vanguard’s primary investment research and advice teams. The model forecasts distributions of future returns for a wide array of broad asset classes. Those asset classes include U.S. and international equity markets, several maturities of the U.S. Treasury and corporate fixed income markets, international fixed income markets, U.S. money markets, commodities, and certain alternative investment strategies. The theoretical and empirical foundation for the Vanguard Capital Markets Model is that the returns of various asset classes reflect the compensation investors require for bearing different types of systematic risk (beta). At the core of the model are estimates of the dynamic statistical relationship between risk factors and asset returns, obtained from statistical analysis based on available monthly financial and economic data from as early as 1960. Using a system of estimated equations, the model then applies a Monte Carlo simulation method to project the estimated interrelationships among risk factors and asset classes as well as uncertainty and randomness over time. The model generates a large set of simulated outcomes for each asset class over several time horizons. Forecasts are obtained by computing measures of central tendency in these simulations. Results produced by the tool will vary with each use and over time.

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